Which antibodies are commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a variety of autoantibodies can be present, but the most commonly associated antibodies are antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA), and anti-Smith (anti-Sm) antibodies.

ANA is a broad category of autoantibodies that target various nuclear components, and it serves as a screening test for SLE. A positive ANA test is highly sensitive for SLE, meaning that while it can be present in other autoimmune conditions, the presence of ANA is a hallmark of SLE.

Anti-dsDNA antibodies are more specific to SLE and are associated with renal involvement and disease activity, making their presence indicative of a more severe disease course. Meanwhile, anti-Smith antibodies are also highly specific for SLE, even though they are less frequently found compared to ANA and anti-dsDNA.

The other options mention antibodies that are associated with different autoimmune diseases or conditions. For example, anti-centromere antibodies are often found in limited scleroderma, while anti-Ro (SS-A) and anti-La (SS-B) antibodies are commonly seen in Sjögren's syndrome and sometimes in lupus but are not as specific for