How many axes are associated with cranial flexion and extension movement?

Cranial flexion and extension movements are primarily associated with two axes. This movement occurs around the superior-inferior (vertical) axis and involves the flexion and extension of the cranial bones in relation to the sacrum. Cranial flexion generally refers to the anterior movement of the cranial base and a slight elevation of the frontal bone, while extension describes the downward and posterior movement of the base of the skull.

Understanding the axes involved in cranial movement is essential for comprehending the principles of cranial osteopathy and how the cranial bones interact during various physiological processes, such as respiration and craniosacral rhythm. By recognizing that cranial flexion and extension specifically move around two axes, it becomes clear how these intricate movements contribute to the overall biomechanics of the cranial structures.