Down syndrome increases the risk of which types of conditions?

Down syndrome, also known as Trisomy 21, is associated with an increased risk of several health conditions, particularly certain types of leukemia and congenital heart defects. Individuals with Down syndrome have a notably higher incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) compared to the general population. This relation is thought to be due to the chromosomal abnormalities that affect hematopoiesis and immune function.

Moreover, individuals with Down syndrome are also at elevated risk for congenital heart defects, which are significant cardiovascular disorders. Many individuals with Down syndrome are born with structural heart problems, including atrioventricular septal defects and ventricular septal defects. However, the context of this question appears focused specifically on types of leukemia rather than congenital abnormalities.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is particularly prevalent among children, and children with Down syndrome are frequently screened for hematologic conditions as they are more susceptible to them during early childhood. Thus, the association between Down syndrome and ALL establishes a clear understanding of the increased risk in this population.

In summary, while cardiovascular disorders are also a significant concern in Down syndrome, the most directly relevant condition listed in this context that is known to increase in risk is acute lymphoblastic leukemia, making it the correct choice.